Periodismo Cívico es una corriente iniciada a comienzos de los años noventa con el fin de recuperar la confianza del público en las instituciones. La propuesta, en esencia, consiste en otorgar a los medios de comunicación un papel importante en la contribución a la creación de una "opinión pública de calidad", con el fin de que, en un proceso que llaman de "juicio público", se logre una conversación en la que todos participen en igualdad de condiciones. La fundamentación teórica de (...) esta corriente se sitúa en el cruce del debate entre comunitaristas y liberales. De los primeros toman lo que se refiere a su concepción de comunidad, valores comunitarios, bien público, institución, participación y esfera pública y privada. De los segundos toman su idea de deliberación, diálogo público, ciudadanía y objetividad. El presente artículo analiza el significado de esa propuesta respecto a los dos conceptos que ocupan la atención de este número monográfico, la opinión pública y la democracia (deliberativa). (shrink)

La búsqueda de un pluralismo integrativo en filosofía de la ciencia presenta ecos fructíferos en discusiones contemporáneas de la filosofía de la psiquiatría, sobre todo en torno a la necesidad de un pluralismo que supere un reduccionismo neurobiológico y un eclecticismo biopsicosocial. Los trabajos de la filósofa Sandra Mitchell constituirán un punto de partida para visualizar la necesidad de un paradigma pluralista, al mismo tiempo que permitirán exponer la tesis de que es necesario un modelo que permita una integración real (...) entre las diversas dimensiones relevantes en psiquiatría para así no caer implícitamente nuevamente en un pluralismo reduccionista. En esta línea, se analizarán críticamente las perspectivas que han surgido en psiquiatría a la hora de lograr un pluralismo integrativo. Finalmente se revisará el modelo enactivo en ciencia cognitiva y su aplicación en psiquiatría como un posible alternativa en búsqueda de una integración en psiquiatría que permita un pluralismo integrativo a nivel ontológico, permitiendo un camino medio entre una psiquiatría neurocéntrica y una ecléctica relativista. (shrink)

Los avances de las últimas dos décadas en el estudio del sistema nervioso y en el desarrollo de neuro-tecnología parecen justificar las elevadas expectativas en lo que a este campo concierne. No obstante, cada vez son más los autores que advierten, desde dentro y fuera de la neurociencia, que es excesivo tal grado de optimismo así como perjudicial el neuro-esencialismo que genera. En el presente artículo analizamos el origen y el papel de las expectativas neurocientíficas. En las conclusiones defendemos, primero, (...) que las principales causas no son las evidencias y las teorías científicas, como suele pensarse y, segundo, que precisamente esta generalizada falsa creencia perjudica seriamente el avance científico y el progreso social. (shrink)

Los conflictos paterno-filiales han constituido desde los inicios del cine un recurso inagotable para los relatos fílmicos. Tomando como referencia una serie de películas de autor contemporáneas, este texto aborda una serie de motivos comunes –aunque no exclusivos– que refieren la crisis de la paternidad. En concreto, las cuatro categorías que se toman en consideración son: el arquetipo del “ídolo caído”, el padre autoritario, el padre melancólico y la separación o el abandono de los padres como una experiencia traumática para (...) los hijos. Como evidencia este último modelo argumental, la crisis del padre tiene unos efectos sobre sus vástagos, de ahí que un buen número de las películas que se analizan se configuren como relatos de iniciación. (shrink)

La Teoría del conocimiento de Leonardo Polo ayuda a clarificar el abordaje neurocientífico al problema mente-cerebro, así como aporta interesantes hipótesis para seguir desarrollándolo. Sin embargo, la teoría de sistemas que plantea, en tanto que obertura argumentativa, supone un obstáculo para que su trabajo pueda ser bien reconocido y asimilado en las ciencias experimentales. En este artículo, en primer lugar, analizo tal dificultad identificando el principal problema: la justificación que Polo hace de la Cibernética a partir de la Termodinámica. Y, (...) en segundo lugar, replanteo el problema de la finalidad con el objetivo de lograr una mejor legitimación del salto de una a otra área. En las conclusiones defiendo que esto solo es posible de manera indirecta, a partir del estudio del caso humano porque solo allí es posible encontrar acceso privilegiado a ciertos fenómenos, lo que es crucial para entender la inteligencia, la finalidad y la vida. (shrink)

This paper aims to articulate the theories of Martin Buber (Philosophical Anthropology) and Donald Wood Winnicott (Psychoanalysis) as they help us understand the world of infancy. In dialogue with these two authors, we come to understand that the ontological principle of the human being is the relationship as a mark of existence. Based on this principle, the concepts “relationship,” “subtlety,” “reciprocity” and “bond” are introduced in order to explore the relational dimension of the interactions between infants and adults in both (...) educational and research contexts. Our text develops these four concepts and explores the part they play in the encounter between adults and infants, on the understanding that the latter is based on the effort to recognize each other as persons. We argue that for adults, the fundamental impulse toward infancy is to share the world through inviting their participation–an invitation in response to which babies launch themselves with the tenacity and impetus of an inaugural movement. The theoretical confluence of Winnicott's psychoanalysis and Buber's philosophical anthropology results in confirming that infants are intrinsically relational persons, and as such, these two thinkers’ relational ontology has much to contribute to studies in infant education in particular and in the Human Sciences in general. (shrink)

The present work is developed within the frame of so-called critical neuroscience. The aim of this article is to explain the transition from a kind of neuroscience understood as a strict scientific discipline, possessing a methodology and a specific praxis, to a kind of neuroscience that has been transformed into a meta-narrative with totalizing claims. In particular, we identify and examine eleven catalysts for such a transition: 1) a lack of communication between scientists and journalists; 2) the abuse of information (...) by the sensational press; 3) the acceptance of specific philosophical approaches by a wide range of scientists; 4) the widespread transmission of two conceptual mistakes: a) an identification between methodological and ontological reductionism and b) the mereological fallacy; 5) the influence of post-Cartesian philosophical thinking in the scientific community; 6) an overwhelming scientific hyper-specialization; 7) the illegitimate transfer of authority from humanities to the sciences; 8) an inbuilt human preference for visual data; 9) economic interests; 10) scientific utopianism; and 11) the new self-help movements and their alliance with neuro-enhancement. Finally, our essay seeks to draw attention to the most damaging consequences for both science and human ways of living. (shrink)

El consentimiento informado en investigación se inscribe en la relación médico-paciente, que ha sufrido, y sigue sufriendo, importantes cambios: desde el planteamiento clásico, como relación de amistad, al planteamiento contemporáneo, como relación entre extraños, que es regulada por normas éticas y legales. El principal objetivo de estas últimas es conseguir, mediante requisitos formales, que dicha relación no perjudique al paciente. Bajo esta luz, se examina y compara el consentimiento informado en las principales normativas internacionales y en la ley española. Especialmente, (...) nos centramos en la hoja de información al paciente, la comprensión, la voluntariedad, la certificación y la comunicación de los resultados de la investigación. Se concluye con la observación de la seria limitación intrínseca de la que adolecen estas normativas, que impiden, más que favorecen, el trato adecuado al paciente. doi: 10.5294/pebi.2015.19.2.3. (shrink)

Inclusive education guides democratic schools that advocate for justice and equity, especially for those students with different needs. In this manuscript, the Making Socially Accepting Inclusive Classrooms model and peer mediation are reviewed as the most effective procedures for this purpose.

Antonio Damasio elabora una teoría de la mente humana y de la conducta moral a partir de su hipótesis sobre la evolución de los mecanismos de autorregulación biológicos. En ella, a la capacidad para representar relaciones organismo-mundo se le confiere un importante papel en los cambios organizacionales que emergen de los sistemas con un sistema nervioso central. Concretamente, en nuestro artículo analizamos, en primer lugar, la tesis acerca de la doble homeostasis biológica- mental que caracteriza a los agentes racionales. Desde (...) su perspectiva, la conciencia es producto y manifestación de complejos procesos del procesamiento de representaciones, los cuales favorecen la regulación no consciente. Además, para entender los procesos conscientes también es clave, según Damasio, conocer cómo la evolución de tales mecanismos está asociada con el desarrollo de áreas neuronales próximas al córtex emocional, especialmente, el giro cingulado. Los argumentos que Damasio utiliza para vincular los procesos representacionales con la particular preocupación humana por los sentimientos de los otros es la segunda cuestión que evaluamos. (shrink)

The neuroethics field emerged in the early 2000s in an effort to face important philosophical dilemmas and anticipate disruptive social changes linked to the use of neurotechnology (Safire, 2002). From very early on, this field grew out of two core issues, namely inquiries into the ethics of neuroscience –concerning the moral use of knowledge and technology– and inquiries into the neuroscience of ethics –on how new brain function evidence can change human self-understanding (Roskies 2002). Similarly, neurolaw is now on a (...) parallel path with two main pillars as Chandler (2018) suggested, (1) “self-reflexive inquiry” (the neuroscience of law) and (2) “inquiry into the development and use of brain science and technologies” (the law of neuroscience). In this paper, I suggest that these two lines of research are still excessively disconnected from one another and, to support this claim, I analyze the three potential point-of-no-return risks that Aldous Huxley associated with technological challenges, namely centralization of power, bureaucratic alienation, and scientific idealism. In addition, I show how Huxley shifted analysis of technological problems from a focus on the rights of potential victims to the duties of potential aggressors. Finally, I argue that Aldous Huxley’s view on how to build a bridge that brings pillars 1) and 2) closer together also helps prevent the technological point-of-no-return. According to Huxley, the key is found in paying particular attention to understanding contemplative activity, reinforcing its role in the study of reality, and, eventually, returning the romantic gaze updated to academia. (shrink)

Para el transhumanismo, la humanidad es una etapa que, guiada por la evolución biológica, estuvo precedida por otras anteriores y a la que seguirán otras nuevas. Según el transhumanismo hemos de romper la inercia de causas ciegas que gobierna la evolución y, a través de la biotecnología, alcanzar lo que denominan una “vida mejor”. Los autores afines a esta corriente desarrollan sus propuestas negando la existencia de una naturaleza humana, pero sin abandonar la convicción de que resulta posible definir en (...) qué consiste una “vida mejor”. En este artículo analizamos la claridad y el rigor con la que presentan el fin último de su propuesta, la relación entre el fin y los medios planteados para alcanzarlo, y, finalmente, pondremos de manifiesto algunas inconsistencias derivadas de su rechazo de que la naturaleza humana pueda tener valor normativo. (shrink)

This paper examines the international information technology (IT) sourcing decision from an ethical perspective. The internationalsourcing of IT activities, termed IT offshoring in this paper, has received considerable attention recently. Differing views on IT offshoring prevail, ranging from the protection view that IT offshoring steals jobs away from the domestic economy, to the market view that it creates jobs and improves the overall global economy through market efficiencies. Despite the large amount of material devoted to managing and evaluating the practice (...) of IT offshoring, the ethical issues surrounding the decision has received little attention. This paper seeks to address that need, examining the IT offshoring decision through the application of a series of ethical frameworks. Several normative theories of ethics, including stockholder theory, stakeholder theory, social contract theory, utilitarianism, and a Kantian’ categorical imperative framework, are employed to gain insights into the ethical aspects of this practice. Our resulting framework represents an early attempt to examine the ethics of the IT offshoring and provides managers with practical guidelines and insights when addressing the IT offshoring decision. (shrink)

Developmental systems theory posits that development cannot be segmented by influences acting in isolation, but should be studied through a scientific lens that highlights the complex interactions between these forces over time ( Overton, 2013a ). This poses a unique challenge for developmental psychologists studying complex processes like language development. In this paper, we advocate for the combining of highly sophisticated data collection technologies in an effort to move toward a more systemic approach to studying language development. We investigate the (...) efficiency and appropriateness of combining eye-tracking technology and the LENA (Language Environment Analysis) system, an automated language analysis tool, in an effort to explore the relation between language processing in early development, and external dynamic influences like parent and educator language input in the home and school environments. Eye-tracking allows us to study language processing via eye movement analysis; these eye movements have been linked to both conscious and unconscious cognitive processing, and thus provide one means of evaluating cognitive processes underlying language development that does not require the use of subjective parent reports or checklists. The LENA system, on the other hand, provides automated language output that describes a child’s language-rich environment. In combination, these technologies provide critical information not only about a child’s language processing abilities but also about the complexity of the child’s language environment. Thus, when used in conjunction these technologies allow researchers to explore the nature of interacting systems involved in language development. (shrink)

Los canales de YouTube, Alanna y WITCHYSOFFIE, enseñan al espectador sobre hechicería y tradiciones paganas. Estas se oponen a la estigmatización, el tótem patriarcal y los tabúes religiosos generados por la Inquisición los cuales aún son mantenidos por una parte de la sociedad actual. La magia de varios grupos wiccanos se encamina hacia la espiritualidad y alabanza de un Dios creador, algo semejante con la filosofía católica. De igual forma, su estudio por la naturaleza y su aplicación en rituales se (...) enfocan en el autoconocimiento y la conexión con el universo. Los factores como la globalización y modernización actúan de manera crucial en las impresiones colectivas que se tiene sobre la brujería. (shrink)

Background During the most critical phases of COVID-19 pandemic, dramatic situations were experienced in hospitals and care centers that nurses could hardly verbalize. Especially relevant were deep challenges related to terminal illness, situations of extreme sacrifice, as well as reflections on protective measures mixed with beliefs. We intend to analyze which problems had the greatest impact on professionals. Aim The aim is to explore the ultimate basis for action when making decisions and the orientation of their behavior in the face (...) of moral conflicts. Method The methodological strategy is an interpretive synthesis. Narrative review of academic articles that analyzed ethical dilemmas during the pandemic was carried out by searching five databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Psycinfo, CINHAL, and WOS) between January 2020 and December 2022. Finally, 43 articles were selected. Ethical Considerations Ethical requirements were respected in all study phases. Results The reading and review of the 43 articles initiated the first phase of inductive coding which resulted in 14 initial sub-themes. Based on this structure, a second phase of coding was carried out, giving rise to six categories or emerging themes. To facilitate the process of identifying the central category, the authors agreed to carry out a phase of synthesis, grouping the six themes into three meta-themes: the identification and acceptance of human vulnerability; the discovery of positive paradigms in traumatic situations in society; the prevalence of the common good over the particular interest, as the core structure of any society. Conclusion The study has shown the need to consider healthcare benevolence as a new dimension of health care upon global vulnerability. Responsibility is required to ensure the well-being of a global society, prioritizing the common good over particular interests and building solutions on solid moral structures. A new ethical landscape is essential, starting with a humanistic curricular training of all healthcare professionals. (shrink)

The data analyzed in this paper are part of the results described in Bueno et al. (2000). Three cytogenetics endpoints were analyzed in three populations of a species of wild rodent – Akodon montensis – living in an industrial, an agricultural, and a preservation area at the Itajaí Valley, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The polychromatic/normochromatic ratio, the mitotic index, and the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocites were used in an attempt to establish a genotoxic profile of each area. It (...) was assumed that the three populations were in the same conditions with respect to the influence of confounding factors such as animal age, health, nutrition status, presence of pathogens, and intra- and inter-populational genetic variability. Therefore, any differences found in the endpoints analyzed could be attributed to the external agents present in each area. The statistical models used in this paper are mixtures of negative-binomials and Poisson variables. The Poisson variables are used as approximations of binomials for rare events. The mixing distributions are beta densities. The statistical analyzes are under the bayesian perspective, as opposed to the frequentist ones often considered in the literature, as for instance in Bueno et al. (2000). (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um diálogo entre a literatura que perpassa a temática entre os filósofos Jürgen Habermas e Immanuel Kant, e suas contribuições para pensarmos o campo da Educação. Caracteriza-se por um estudo bibliográfico, fundamentado na análise e interpretação da temática proposta. Aponta-se algumas aproximações relevantes da perspectiva habermasiana e o pensamento kantiano, sobretudo no que diz respeito a conceitos básicos como emancipação e conhecimento, apropriando-se dos sentidos e interpretações discutidas nas obras bibliográficas elencadas. A partir do (...) diálogo exposto, compreende-se as contribuições dos pressupostos comunicativos no campo educacional, na área de formação continuada de profissionais da educação, conduzindo assim a uma justiça social expressa por processos de ensino-aprendizagem, garantindo o preparo de profissionais da educação fundamentada na concepção de um professor reflexivo, pesquisador e que aprende com o coletivo, visando o atendimento às necessidades de seus estudantes. (shrink)

ABSTRACT During the current COVID-19 pandemic, we are experiencing physical viruses infecting our bodies, virtual viruses infecting our computers, and symbolic viruses infecting our thinking. This essay takes up each of these interruptions in a collective attempt to better understand how we are rhetorically and where we might go politically from here.

A comunicação científica divulgada pela CompleXitas carrega nas camadas de seu campo semântico os significados de Renovar-se e Germinar. No âmbito gramatical os signos apostos neste editorial são sintaticamente delineados como verbos. Estes fundamentos estão presentes no volume 6/1/2022 na ação de manter o periódico como um dos canais de divulgação nos horizontes da Interdisciplinaridade, Fenomenologia e Hermenêutica. Além de agir é necessária a vida humana avaliar o percurso existencial para manter o curso da vida justa e boa a todos; (...) igualmente, em um periódico científico a avaliação favorece parâmetros para manter as premissas que o sustentam e atualizar os suportes. Estes preceitos permeiam o intervalo ocorrido entre as publicações. (shrink)

Desde seu início, em 2020, a pandemia da Covid-19 acarretou diversos desafios no cotidiano. No campo da educação não foi diferente, pois os educadores precisaram repensar concepções mais amplas da formação continuada. Nesse contexto, o estudo procura analisar os desafios e as possibilidades para a formação continuada de profissionais da educação na perspectiva da autorreflexão colaborativo-crítica. Para isso, fundamenta-se na teoria de Jürgen Habermas por meio de duas concepções: a racionalidade comunicativa e a mediação teoria e práxis. Nesse processo, tomamos (...) os argumentos dos profissionais participantes de grupo de estudo-reflexão a partir de suas demandas, dos processos de aprendizagem e das ações de mudanças. Ações e análises dialogam e sustentam-se entre os referenciais teórico-metodológicos embasando os processos, contemplando a aplicação da espiral autorreflexiva de observação, planejamento, ação e reflexão e o delineamento e teorização das funções mediadoras na relação teoria e prática, quais sejam: elaboração/formação dos teoremas críticos; organização dos processos de conscientização e aprendizagem; e a condução da luta política, seleção das estratégias apropriadas e solução de questões táticas, sendo essas categorias o modo como se organizaram os dados. Como resultados observamos novas possibilidades para formação continuada abarcando mais formandos e ampliando a colaboração entre pesquisadores, além da intenção dos formandos/cursistas de mudar ou transformar suas práticas em ações efetivas em seus lócus de atuação. (shrink)

A comunicação científica divulgada pela CompleXitas carrega nas camadas de seu campo semântico os significados de Renovar-se e Germinar. No âmbito gramatical os signos apostos neste editorial são sintaticamente delineados como verbos. Estes fundamentos estão presentes no volume 6/1/2022 na ação de manter o periódico como um dos canais de divulgação nos horizontes da Interdisciplinaridade, Fenomenologia e Hermenêutica. Além de agir é necessária a vida humana avaliar o percurso existencial para manter o curso da vida justa e boa a todos; (...) igualmente, em um periódico científico a avaliação favorece parâmetros para manter as premissas que o sustentam e atualizar os suportes. Estes preceitos permeiam o intervalo ocorrido entre as publicações. (shrink)

Brentano’s theory of Intentionality gave rise to empirical psychology, considered by the mental acts of external objects and consciousness. In this sense, the purpose of this essay is to reflect on the phenomenon of auditory hallucinations, from the perspective of Franz Brentano’s intentionality, as a representative psychic phenomenon of internal experience. Auditory hallucinations, under a phenomenological approach, are considered as an experience of the relational process of a historical person. In analogy to the theory of the intentionality of mental acts, (...) the phenomenon of listening to voices becomes an experience perceived in the internal understanding of existential meanings, which must occur through two types of acts: the personal meaning, represented; and to relate, through intentional conduct, with the experienced reality. Finally, the importance of Brentano’s studies for humanist approaches I consider inseparable from phenomenological psychopathology, and therefore, makes it possible to reflect on the field of mental health. (shrink)

Os Espaços Discursivos, fundamentados nos conceitos da Teoria do Agir Comunicativo de Jürgen Habermas, possibilita por vias democráticas, debates sobre formação, gestão e inclusão escolar no âmbito das Redes de colaboração estabelecidas entre a universidade, as redes de ensino municipais, estadual e com Instituições de Ensino Superior de países lusófonos; pela via do projeto de pesquisa e extensão. Busca-se compreender o Espaço discursivo como espaço de participação entre sujeitos que mediante o discurso, apresentam argumentos para elaboração de consensos e fortalecimento (...) do entendimento mútuo, no sentido de captar os movimentos vivenciados por pesquisadores e participantes de processos de pesquisa realizados pela via da pesquisa-ação ou investigação-ação; e ainda fomentar a elaboração de espaços formativos colaborativos na defesa da formação humana na perspectiva da inclusão. Optamos por empregar a pesquisa-ação colaborativo-crítica de cunho qualitativo, para entender como os Espaços Discursivos vêm se configurando no contexto do grupo de pesquisa. Nesse processo inicial de pesquisa, tomamos os argumentos dos participantes nos momentos de constituição da compreensão sobre Espaços Discursivos, nos planejamentos e realização deles. Participaram duas redes municipais de ensino, sendo envolvidos gestores (municipais), estudantes e professores (graduação e pós-graduação), sendo tematizadas a formação, as políticas públicas, a gestão e a pesquisa-ação. É urgente o desafio de aprofundarmos sobre esses processos e é um enorme desafio instaurar a cultura da sustentabilidade da vida, ou seja, promover uma releitura de mundo onde a vida em todas suas relações e contradições seja centralidade. (shrink)

A obra em questão, Favor fechar os olhos: em busca de um outro tempo, de Byung-Chul Han, nascido na Coreia e radicado na Alemanha, onde é professor de Filosofia e Estudos Culturais na Universidade de Berlim, se trata de uma reflexão filosófica acerca das questões que envolvem o paradigma digital contemporâneo atrelado à problemática do tempo, e, mais propriamente, acerca do ato natural de fechar os olhos ante a coação permanente pelo visual, pela vigilância. O ensaio de Byung-Chul Han está (...) dividido em cinco capítulos, os quais poderíamos nominar de cinco tempos: O tempo do silêncio, O tempo bom, O tempo da festa, O tempo do outro e Em um tempo inoportuno; à partida se pode observar os títulos como uma espécie de ideia reguladora, ou seja, como uma dimensão de alteridade, de algum modo, inspirada em um pensamento ético como o de Emmanuel Lévinas. Nesta resenha crítica, procuramos esboçar reflexões possíveis advindas desse trabalho. Data de registro: 07/04/2022 Data de aceite: 27/10/2022. (shrink)

Research on spatial thinking requires reliable and valid measures of individual differences in various component skills. Spatial perspective taking (PT)—the ability to represent viewpoints different from one's own—is one kind of spatial skill that is especially relevant to navigation. This study had two goals. First, the psychometric properties of four PT tests were examined: Four Mountains Task (FMT), Spatial Orientation Task (SOT), Perspective-Taking Task for Adults (PTT-A), and Photographic Perspective-Taking Task (PPTT). Using item response theory (IRT), item difficulty, discriminability, and (...) efficiency of item information functions were evaluated. Second, the relation of PT scores to general intelligence, working memory, and mental rotation (MR) was assessed. All tasks showed good construct validity except for FMT. PPTT tapped a wide range of PT ability, with maximum measurement precision at average ability. PTT-A captured a lower range of ability. Although SOT contributed less measurement information than other tasks, it did well across a wide range of PT ability. After controlling for general intelligence and working memory, original and IRT-refined versions of PT tasks were each related to MR. PTT-A and PPTT showed relatively more divergent validity from MR than SOT. Tests of dimensionality indicated that PT tasks share one common PT dimension, with secondary task-specific factors also impacting the measurement of individual differences in performance. Advantages and disadvantages of a hybrid PT test that includes a combination of items across tasks are discussed. (shrink)

Research on spatial thinking requires reliable and valid measures of individual differences in various component skills. Spatial perspective taking (PT)—the ability to represent viewpoints different from one's own—is one kind of spatial skill that is especially relevant to navigation. This study had two goals. First, the psychometric properties of four PT tests were examined: Four Mountains Task (FMT), Spatial Orientation Task (SOT), Perspective-Taking Task for Adults (PTT-A), and Photographic Perspective-Taking Task (PPTT). Using item response theory (IRT), item difficulty, discriminability, and (...) efficiency of item information functions were evaluated. Second, the relation of PT scores to general intelligence, working memory, and mental rotation (MR) was assessed. All tasks showed good construct validity except for FMT. PPTT tapped a wide range of PT ability, with maximum measurement precision at average ability. PTT-A captured a lower range of ability. Although SOT contributed less measurement information than other tasks, it did well across a wide range of PT ability. After controlling for general intelligence and working memory, original and IRT-refined versions of PT tasks were each related to MR. PTT-A and PPTT showed relatively more divergent validity from MR than SOT. Tests of dimensionality indicated that PT tasks share one common PT dimension, with secondary task-specific factors also impacting the measurement of individual differences in performance. Advantages and disadvantages of a hybrid PT test that includes a combination of items across tasks are discussed. (shrink)

O diálogo, a dialogia, o dialogismo, a dialogicidade são termos recorrentes em inúmeras teorias. São orientadores de práticas pedagógicas que buscam uma educação transformadora. Neste artigo faz-se uma reflexão sobre esses termos a partir de quatro teóricos: Martin Buber, Mikhail Bakhtin e Paulo Freire. A tarefa principal é analisar em obras destes filósofos as semelhanças e diferenças. A questão que nos interessa focalizar refere-se à suposição de que há uma convergência entre esses autores. Nessa direção, o investimento na pesquisa desses (...) autores tem uma dimensão, a um só tempo, introspectiva, já que permite detectar, nas obras dos quatro filósofos, semelhanças e diferenças a respeito das concepções sobre o diálogo, quanto prospectiva, uma vez que abre espaço para a sugestão de indicativos para uma prática que atenda aos desejos de uma educação de qualidade, transformadora de realidades opressivas. Palavras-chave : Diálogo. Dialogismo. Dialogicidade. (shrink)

Christmas gives us that 'sweet little Jesus Boy' and Lent follows that with the 'gentle Jesus, meek and mild.' He was neither of those. In point of fact, he was the 'tough guy from Nazareth.' He was consistently abrasive, if not abusive, to his mother (Lk 2:49; Jn 2:4; Mt 12:48) and aggressively hard on males, particularly those in authority. In Mark 8 he cursed and damned Peter for failing to get Jesus' esoteric definition of Messiah correct. Nobody else (...) understood it either. Jesus had made it up himself and not adequately explained it to anybody until then. He called the religious authorities snakes, corrupt tombs, filthy chinaware, fakes, and Mosaic legalists who had forgotten God's real revelation of universal grace and salvation in the Abraham Covenant. He tore up the temple in the middle of a worship service and cursed those present for turning God's house of prayer into a den of thieves, when actually they were kind, helping out-of-town tourists obtain the proper sacrifices for the liturgical rituals. Jesus was persistently aggressive, often angry and not infrequently irrational, killing an innocent fig tree with his curse, for example. He constantly attacked the Pharisees and their proposals for renewing the spiritual vitality of the Jewish Community. He abused numerous people by healing them on the Sabbath just to make his political point against the religious leaders. He could just as well have healed them on Tuesday, if he really wanted to heal them. By healing the blind man in John 9 on the Sabbath, for example, he caused the man to be driven out of his synagogue, his family, and his community of faith; isolated and abandoned as if he were a leper. Even when he said surprising things about children, his focus was not on the children but on his disciples, using the children as tools for making an assertive teaching point. Jesus' life was one of perpetually aggressive claims for his vision of God's reign. He constantly and intentionally provoked conflict and disruption of the status quo, spiritually and politically. He refused to negotiate, compromise, palliate, or mollify his insistence upon keeping his elbow perpetually in the eye of the people in power. In all this he would not back down. The principle by which Jesus operated was absolute and that is why he did not back down, even though they killed him for this very reason. His principle was simply that the renewal of Jewish spirituality could only come from a return to the Abrahamic Covenant, which declared (Gn 12; Rm 8) that God is gracious and universally forgiving towards all humankind, unconditional to our conduct and behaviour, and radically in that it removes all fear, guilt, and shame from the equation of our relationship with God (Mi 7:18-20). He saw that the Pharisees and Scribes were absolutely wrong in assuming that the Mosaic legal system would renew the Jewish relationship with God. He was not the gentle Jesus, meek and mild. He was that tough guy from Nazareth! He had good reason and he was willing to go the distance for what he stood for, even to death on the cross. (shrink)